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              <p>Toxoplasma gondii, agent de la toxoplasmose, est un parasite présent chez environ 30 % de la population mondiale, et transmis à l’humain par le chat et les autres félidés. Généralement considéré comme bénin, il peut pourtant provoquer des formes graves de la maladie, en particulier en Amérique du Sud. Dans cette région, des cas sévères touchent même des personnes immunocompétentes, avec des atteintes oculaires pouvant mener à la cécité, ou à des formes disséminées potentiellement mortelles. Nous avons analysé un jeu de données mondial de 156 génomes de T. gondii —le plus grand jeu de données à ce jour. Nous montrons que, malgré la présence ancestrale de T. gondii en Amérique du Sud, les populations domestiques modernes de ce parasite sur ce continent sont issues d'hybridations massives entre des lignées domestiques européennes et africaines introduites par les colons européens, et des souches sauvages sud-américaines natives, incluant les souches amazoniennes particulièrement pathogènes pour l’humain. Ces hybridations, favorisées par les activités humaines (notamment l’introduction pour la première fois du chat dans les Amériques), auraient donné naissance à des parasites à la fois mieux adaptés à l’environnement domestique et plus pathogènes pour l’humain. Aujourd’hui, ces souches infectent probablement plus de 100 millions de personnes sur ce continent, et pourraient être à l’origine de la prévalence disproportionnée des formes sévères de toxoplasmose dans cette région.</p>
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