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                <term xml:lang="en">Food consumption trends</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Arab countries</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Food label</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Consumer behavior</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Consumer perception</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Food additives</term>
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              <p>Objective: This study aimed to assess consumer perceptions, purchasing behaviors, and consumption patternsrelated to food additives (FAs) across four Arab countries: Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, and Oman.Methods: A cross-sectional online survey was conducted using a snowball sampling method, yielding 2351participants: Egypt (n = 1181), Jordan (n = 414), Lebanon (n = 342), and Oman (n = 414). Statistical analysesincluded exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses to validate scale structure, multi-group analysis to assessmeasurement invariance, and descriptive, bivariate, and multivariable methods to examine perceptions andpractices.Results: Risk perception was strongly correlated with better practice (r = 0.76, p &amp;lt; 0.001) and weakly with age (r= 0.09, p &amp;lt; 0.001). Better practice also showed a weak association with older age (r = 0.10, p &amp;lt; 0.001). Inregression analysis, lower risk perception was significantly associated with being Egyptian (β = -4.88) andreading food labels (β = -0.55), while higher perception was associated with being Omani (β = 2.19), a nutritionist(β = 1.90), a healthcare professional (β = 0.66), having food allergies (β = 1.53), and older age (β = 0.03).Better practice was predicted by being Omani (β = 1.04), having food allergies (β = 0.65), and higher riskperception (β = 0.78), while being Egyptian (β = -2.17) or a healthcare professional (β = -0.43) were associatedwith poorer practice.Conclusions: Findings reveal cross-country differences in FA perceptions and practices, emphasizing the need forculturally tailored food safety policies and communication strategies. Further research should explore underlyinginfluences and evaluate targeted educational interventions</p>
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              <addrLine>Faculté de Médecine - 2 rue du Dr Marcland 87025 Limoges cedex</addrLine>
              <country key="FR"/>
            </address>
            <ref type="url">https://www.unilim.fr/recherche/laboratoires/omegahealth/</ref>
          </desc>
          <listRelation>
            <relation active="#struct-5928" type="direct"/>
          </listRelation>
        </org>
        <org type="institution" xml:id="struct-5928" status="VALID">
          <idno type="IdRef">026403315</idno>
          <idno type="ISNI">0000000121654861</idno>
          <idno type="ROR">https://ror.org/02cp04407</idno>
          <orgName>Université de Limoges</orgName>
          <orgName type="acronym">UNILIM</orgName>
          <date type="start">1968-10-01</date>
          <desc>
            <address>
              <addrLine>33 rue François Mitterrand BP23204 87032 Limoges</addrLine>
              <country key="FR"/>
            </address>
            <ref type="url">http://www.unilim.fr</ref>
          </desc>
        </org>
      </listOrg>
    </back>
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</TEI>